Dr Rakib Hasan Master’s in Optometry Bachelor’s in Optometry Diploma in Medical Faculty (DMF) Child Vision Specialist Vision Therapy & Contact Lens Practitioner BM&DC Registration No: D 12803
Fusion in vision refers to the brain’s ability to combine the images from both eyes into a single, clear, and three-dimensional image. It involves both motor fusion (eye alignment) and sensory fusion (perception of a single image). To check for fusion, several clinical tests are used:
Worth 4-Dot Test
Purpose: Assesses the presence of suppression and fusion.
Procedure:
The patient wears red-green glasses (red over the right eye, green over the left).
They look at a Worth 4-dot flashlight or wall-mounted target.
Results:
4 dots seen → Normal fusion
2 red dots (OD suppression) or 3 green dots (OS suppression) → Suppression
5 dots seen → Diplopia (no fusion)
Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
Purpose: Evaluates sensory fusion in natural viewing conditions.
Procedure:
The patient wears Bagolini lenses and looks at a point light source.
Each eye sees a streak of light at 45° and 135°, forming an “X” if fusion is present.
Results:
Continuous X → Normal fusion
One missing line → Suppression
Two separate streaks → Diplopia
Stereopsis Tests (Depth Perception Tests)
Purpose: Indirectly assess fusion by checking if the patient has binocular depth perception.
Common Tests:
Titmus Fly Test: The patient wears polarized glasses and identifies depth in stereoscopic images.
Randot Stereo Test: Checks fine stereopsis using random-dot patterns.
TNO Test: Uses red-green anaglyphs to test for stereopsis and suppression.
Maddox Rod Test (for Motor Fusion)
Purpose: Assesses alignment and fusion ability.
Procedure:
A Maddox rod is placed over one eye while the patient looks at a light source.
The patient describes the relative position of the light streak and the actual light source.
Helps detect heterophoria or heterotropia, which can impact fusion.
Prism Fusion Range (Motor Fusion Test)
Purpose: Evaluates the range of fusional vergence (how much prism the patient can handle before diplopia).
Procedure:
Base-in and base-out prisms are introduced while the patient fixates on a target.
The prism is increased until fusion is lost.
Results:
Low fusional reserves may indicate convergence or divergence insufficiency.
Orthokeratology (OK) is a non-surgical procedure that uses specialized contact lenses to reshape the cornea while you sleep, with the goal of controlling myopia (nearsightedness) progression. Here’s an overview:
What is Orthokeratology?
Orthokeratology, also known as corneal reshaping or corneal molding, is a procedure that uses customized contact lenses to gently reshape the cornea while you sleep.
How Does OK Work?
Customized lenses: OK lenses are designed to match the unique shape of your cornea.
Worn overnight: You wear the lenses while you sleep, typically for 6-8 hours.
Corneal reshaping: The lenses gently reshape the cornea, flattening it to reduce myopia.
Corrected vision: When you remove the lenses in the morning, your vision is corrected, and you can see clearly without glasses or contacts.
Benefits of OK for Myopia Control
Slows myopia progression: OK has been shown to slow the progression of myopia in children and young adults.
Corrects vision: OK can correct myopia, reducing or eliminating the need for glasses or contacts.
Reversible: The effects of OK are reversible, meaning that if you stop wearing the lenses, your cornea will return to its original shape.
Non-surgical: OK is a non-invasive, non-surgical procedure.
Candidacy for OK
Children and young adults: OK is most effective for children and young adults with progressive myopia.
Mild to moderate myopia: OK is suitable for individuals with mild to moderate myopia (up to -6.00 diopters).
Healthy eyes: Candidates should have healthy eyes, free from diseases or injuries that could affect the cornea.
Risks and Side Effects
Discomfort: Some patients may experience discomfort or dryness when wearing the lenses.
Infection risk: As with any contact lens wear, there is a risk of eye infection with OK.
Corneal abrasion: Rarely, the lenses can cause corneal abrasions or scratches.
Cost and Insurance
Cost: The cost of OK varies depending on the location, doctor, and lenses used.
Insurance: Some insurance plans may cover OK, but coverage varies widely.
Conclusion
Orthokeratology is a safe and effective procedure for controlling myopia progression and correcting vision. If you’re interested in OK, consult with an eye doctor to determine if you’re a suitable candidate.
Strabismic amblyopia, also known as strabismus-related amblyopia, is a type of lazy eye (amblyopia) caused by strabismus, a misalignment of the eyes.
Causes
Strabismus: Misalignment of the eyes, causing the brain to favor one eye over the other.
Esotropia: Crossed eyes, where one eye turns inward.
Exotropia: Wall-eyed, where one eye turns outward.
Hypertropia: Vertical misalignment, where one eye is higher than the other.
Symptoms
Blurred vision: Reduced vision in the affected eye.
Double vision: Seeing two images of a single object.
Eye strain: Fatigue, headaches, or discomfort when using the affected eye.
Depth perception difficulties: Trouble judging distances or spatial relationships.
Diagnosis
Comprehensive eye exam: Assessing visual acuity, refraction, and eye alignment.
Cover test: Evaluating eye alignment and movement.
Retinoscopy: Measuring the reflection of light in the eyes.
Treatment
Glasses or contact lenses: Correcting refractive errors and improving eye alignment.
Patch therapy: Covering the stronger eye to strengthen the weaker eye.
Atropine therapy: Dilating the stronger eye to reduce its dominance.
Surgery: Correcting eye misalignment or removing cataracts (if present).
Vision therapy: Customized exercises to improve eye coordination, depth perception, and visual processing.
Dr Rakib Hasan
Prognosis
Early detection and treatment can significantly improve visual outcomes. However, if left untreated, strabismic amblyopia can lead to permanent vision loss in the affected eye.
Complications
Permanent vision loss: If left untreated, amblyopia can lead to irreversible vision loss.
Depth perception difficulties: Untreated amblyopia can cause lifelong difficulties with depth perception.
Social and emotional impacts: Untreated amblyopia can affect self-esteem, social interactions, and overall quality of life.
Regular eye exams and prompt treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure optimal visual development.
Vision Therapy In Kolkata
Vision Therapy In Kolkata | Strabismic amblyopia | Amblyopia vision Therapy In Kolkata
Address: 2nd floor, 1/13, Dover Terrace, opp. Dr Nihar Munsi Eye Foundation, Dover Terrace, Ballygunge, Kolkata, West Bengal 700019